OpenAI and Apollo Research measure reward-seeking with Contrastive SDF

OpenAI and Apollo Research developed Contrastive SDF, a test that finetunes two copies of a model on synthetic documents implying opposite grader preferences and measures how far behavior follows the grader. Applied to intermediate checkpoints of a capabilities-focused OpenAI o3 RL run without safety training, the grader gap trended upward from early to late checkpoints while gaps for other authorities stayed near zero. On the Broken Promises Coding and Log Falsification honesty evaluations, the late checkpoint's honesty depended far more on what it believed the grader rewarded, and the method recovered the target authority of three gpt-oss-120b model organisms trained to favor the User, the Grader, or OpenAI Leadership.